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| Causes of adhesions in open surgeries: |
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Peer reviewed journal article describing adhesion study comparing Lap Pak to surgical towel use in rabbits shows significant reduction in risk of adhesions. Read More >>
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Suture granulomas found in 25% of patients, starch in 5%. Read More >>
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Adhesions traceable to gauze fibers formed in 72% of animals exposed to lint from gauze. Read More >>
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Surgical packs caused adhesions in 16.8% of animals, but lint alone did not cause any. Read More >>
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Experiment in rabbits showing that adhesions are attributable to mechanical trauma, regardless of source. Read More >>
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Methods to reduce adhesions include: reducing duration of surgery, reducing drying of tissues, avoiding foreign bodies such as materials with loose fibers, minimizing the use of dry towels or sponges. Read More >>
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Reduction of trauma in the peritoneum reduces adhesions by over 50%. Read More >>
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| Number of laparotomies, frequency of adhesions: |
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Adhesions traceable to gauze fibers was the cause of 72% of patients with adhesions. Read More >>
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158,000 lower abdominal surgeries in the UK annually, costing 569MM GBP for readmissions due to adhesions over 10 years. Read More >>
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93% of patients who had undergone one or more previous laparotomies had intra-abdominal adhesions that were a result of their previous surgery. Read More >>
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97% of patients who underwent laparoscopic adhesiolysis procedures had redeveloped adhesions within 90 days. Read More >>
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A meta-analysis indicating lower rates of adhesion reformation after adhesiolysis by laparotomies than laparoscopies. Read More >>
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An experimental study indicating lower rates of adhesion reformation in open than laparoscopic adhesiolysis. Read More >>
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67% of subjects who had undergone laparotomy had adhesions at autopsy. Read More >>
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| Forgotten Sponges: |
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69% of retained foreign objects are sponges, 69% of patients with retained foreign objects required re-operation, costing $52,581 on average for cases where litigation is pursued. Retained foreign objects occur in 1 of every 1000-1500 cases. Read More >>
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$52,581 on average for cases where litigation is pursued. Retained foreign objects occur in 1 of every 1000-1500 cases. Read More >>
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Forgotten objects occur in 1 out of every 100-5000 cases, 50% of the time the forgotten object is a sponge. Read More >>
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| Post operative ileus (POI): |
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Post operative ileus (POI) is a delay in bowel activity following surgery that can prolong hospital stay. POI is commonly observed in abdominal surgery, due to a multifactorial etiology including inflammatory response and biochemical mediators. Read More >>
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Bauer et al showed in several studies that temperature fluctuation, dehydration, and manual manipulation of the bowels are major causes of POI. Read More >>
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The incidence of POI for open abdominal surgery is estimated to be roughly 8%. Read More >>
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A retrospective study of 800,000 patients undergoing any surgery reported the incidence of POI to be 4.25%. Read More >>
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The study also showed that patients with POI stayed in the hospital an average of 4 days longer and had mean increased hospital costs of $6,300. Read More >>
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POI is estimated to cost the healthcare industry $750M annually ($1500 per patient). Read More >>
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The most common treatment for POI is epidural anesthesia, costing between $1,000-1,200. Read More >>
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Several pharmacologic agents are in trials right now, but none have yet to demonstrate significant improvement. Read More >>
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| Animal Models: |
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Mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, primates, pigs, cattle, and horses are all at least occasionally used as adhesion models. A meta-analysis shows that the rabbit model has a high correlation to clinical outcomes. Read More >>
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Cecal/sidewall models in rats or rabbits are generally more permissive than rat uterine horn models. Read More >>
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Singer et al established the rabbit model of serosal scarification as a reliable, consistant method of producing adhesions. Read More >>
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The rat model of adhesions is widely used, especially for pharmaceutical methods of adhesion prevention as referenced in 19551615, 20304431, 20452616, 20420282, 19842901
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Rabbits are frequently used as an adhesion model for material or device based approaches to adhesion reduction, as referenced in 19295377, 18721927, 18226123, 17582645.
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